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      <PublisherName>IJIRCSTJournal</PublisherName>
      <JournalTitle>International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer Science and Technology</JournalTitle>
      <PISSN>I</PISSN>
      <EISSN>S</EISSN>
      <Volume-Issue>Volume 3 Issue 5</Volume-Issue>
      <PartNumber/>
      <IssueTopic>Medical Engineering and Information Processing</IssueTopic>
      <IssueLanguage>English</IssueLanguage>
      <Season>September - October 2015</Season>
      <SpecialIssue>N</SpecialIssue>
      <SupplementaryIssue>N</SupplementaryIssue>
      <IssueOA>Y</IssueOA>
      <PubDate>
        <Year>2019</Year>
        <Month>12</Month>
        <Day>04</Day>
      </PubDate>
      <ArticleType>Computer Sciences</ArticleType>
      <ArticleTitle>How do Different Load Cases Affect the Spinal Structures of a Well-balanced Lumbar Spine? A Multibody Simulation Analysis</ArticleTitle>
      <SubTitle/>
      <ArticleLanguage>English</ArticleLanguage>
      <ArticleOA>Y</ArticleOA>
      <FirstPage>28</FirstPage>
      <LastPage>33</LastPage>
      <AuthorList>
        <Author>
          <FirstName>Sabine Bauer,</FirstName>          
          <AuthorLanguage>English</AuthorLanguage>
          <Affiliation/>
          <CorrespondingAuthor>Y</CorrespondingAuthor>
          <ORCID/>
                      <FirstName>Dietrich Paulus</FirstName>          
          <AuthorLanguage>English</AuthorLanguage>
          <Affiliation/>
          <CorrespondingAuthor>N</CorrespondingAuthor>
          <ORCID/>
                    <FirstName>Eva Keller</FirstName>          
          <AuthorLanguage>English</AuthorLanguage>
          <Affiliation/>
          <CorrespondingAuthor>N</CorrespondingAuthor>
          <ORCID/>
           
        </Author>
      </AuthorList>
      <DOI></DOI>
      <Abstract>[1] G. B. J. Andersson, &amp;ldquo;Epidemiological features of chronic low-back pain.&amp;rdquo; Lancet, vol. 354, 1999, pp. 581-585.

[2] A. Rohlmann, T. Zander, M. Rao, G.Bergmann, &amp;ldquo;Applying a follower load delivers realistic results for simulating standing.&amp;rdquo; Journal of Biomechanics, vol. 42, no. 10, 2009, pp. 1520-1526, doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2009.03.048.

[3] A. Rohlmann, L. Bauer, T. Zander, G. Bergmann, H.-J. Wilke , &amp;ldquo;Determination of trunk muscle forces for flexion and extension by using a validated finite element model of the lumbar spine and measured in vivo data.&amp;rdquo; Journal of Biomechanics, vol. 36, no. 6, 2006, pp. 981&amp;ndash;989.

[4] A. Rohlmann , T. Zander, M. Rao, G. Bergmann, &amp;ldquo;Realistic loading conditions for upper body bending.&amp;rdquo; Journal of Biomechanics, vol. 42, no. 7, 2009, p. 884&amp;ndash;890.

[5] T. Zander, A. Rohlmann, J. Calisse, G. Bergmann, &amp;ldquo;Estimation of muscle force in the lumbar spine during upper-body inclination.&amp;rdquo; Clinical Biomechanics, 16 Supplement, No. 1, 2001, S73-S8.

[6] H. Schmidt, F. Heuer, U. Simon, A. Kettler, A. Rohlmann, L. Claes, H.-J. Wilke, &amp;rdquo;Application of a new calibration method for a three-dimensional finite element model of a human lumbar annulus fibrosus.&amp;rdquo; Clinical Biomechanics, vol. 21, no. 4 337&amp;ndash;344.

[7] H.-J. Wilke, et al., &amp;ldquo;Shear properties of the lumbar intervertebral disc after spondylolysis.&amp;rdquo; European Spine Journal, 20, 2011.

[8] J. R. Williams, R. N. Natarajan, G. B. J. Andersson, &amp;ldquo;Inclusion of regional poroelastic material properties better predicts biomechanical behavior of lumbar discs subjected to dynamic loading.&amp;rdquo; Journal of Biomechanics, vol. 40, no. 9, 2007, pp. 1981-1987.

[9] F. Heuer, H. Schmidt, Z. Klezl, L. Claes, H.-J. Wilke, &amp;ldquo;Stepwise reduction of functional spinal structures increase range of motion and change lordosis angle.&amp;rdquo; Journal of Biomechanics vol. 40, 2007, pp. 271&amp;ndash;280.

[10] V. Goel, K. Kong, J. S. Han, J. N. Weinstein, L. G. Gilbertson, &amp;ldquo;A combined Finite Element and Optimization Investigation of lumbar spine mechanics with and without muscles.&amp;rdquo; Spine , vol. 18, no 11, 1993, pp. 1531-1541.

[11] F. Galbusera, H. Schmidt, C. Neidlinger-Wilke, H.-J. Wilke, &amp;ldquo;Computermethods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering.&amp;rdquo;, 2011, vol. 14, no. 8, 2011, pp. 729&amp;ndash;739.

[12] A. Rohlmann, T. Zandera, H. Schmidt, H.-J. Wilke, G. Bergmann, &amp;ldquo;Analysis of the influence of disc degeneration on the mechanical behaviour of a lumbar motion segment using the finite element method.&amp;rdquo; Journal of Biomechanics vol. 39, no. 13, 2006, pp. 2484&amp;ndash;2490.

[13] P. Reimche, &amp;ldquo;Segmentierung computertomographischer Daten der Wirbels&amp;auml;ule&amp;ldquo;, bachelor thesis, Universit&amp;auml;t Koblenz-Landau, Germany, 2010.

[14] S. Nowack, &amp;bdquo;Visualisierung der Wirbels&amp;auml;ule anhand segmentierter Computertomographie-Daten zur weiteren Verwendung in SIMPACK&amp;ldquo;, bachelor thesis, Universit&amp;auml;t Koblenz-Landau, Germany, 2010.

[15] P. Roussouly, S. Gollogly, E. Berthonnaud, J. Dimnet, &amp;ldquo;Classication of the normal variation in the sagittal alignment of the human lumbar spine and pelvis in the standing position.&amp;rdquo; Spine, vol. 30, no.3, 2005, pp. 346-353.

[16] U. Hausen, &amp;bdquo;Entwicklung von 3D-Simulationsmodellen f&amp;uuml;r die computergest&amp;uuml;tzte Operationsplanung bei chirurgischen Eingriffen an der Lendenwirbels&amp;auml;ule.&amp;ldquo; Phd thesis, Universit&amp;auml;t Koblenz-Landau, Germany, 2013.

[17] A. White, M. M. Panjabi. Clinical Biomechanics of the Spine. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: JB Lippincott Co; 1990.

[18] J. Nicolas V., W. William, C.,Winkelstein, A. Beth, &amp;ldquo;Spinal Facet Joint Biomechanics and Mechanotransduction in Normal, Injury and Degenerative Conditions.&amp;rdquo; Journal of Biomechanical Engineering&amp;rdquo;. vol. 133, no. 7, 2011; 71010-NaN. doi:10.1115/1.4004493.

[19] A. Rohlmann, T. Zander, M. Rao and G. Bergmann, &amp;ldquo;Applying a follower load delivers realistic results for simulating standing&amp;rdquo;, Journal of Biomechanics, vol. 42, no. 10, 2009, pp.1520-1526.

[20] H.-J. Wilke, P. Neef, M. Caimi, T. Hoogland, L.E. Claes, &amp;ldquo;New In Vivo measurement of pressure in the intervertebral disc in daily life.&amp;rdquo; Spine, vol. 24, no. 8, 1999, pp.755-762.

[21] K. Sato, S. Kikuchi and T. Yonezawa, In Vivo intradiscal pressure measurement in healthy individuals and in patients with ongoing back problems, Spine, Vol. 24, 1999, pp.2468-2474.

[22] K. Wood, P. Kos, M. Schendel, K. Persson, &amp;ldquo;Effects of position on the sagittal-plane profile of the thoracolumbal spine&amp;rdquo;, Journal of spinal disorders, vol. 9, no. 2, 1996, pp. 165-169.

[23] S. Bauer, &amp;ldquo;Effects of Individual Spine Curvatures - A Comparative Study with the Help of Computer Modeling&amp;rdquo;, Biomedical Engineering. ISSN (Online) 1862-278X, ISSN (Print) 0013-5585, DOI: 10.1515/bmt-2012-4052, September 2012.</Abstract>
      <AbstractLanguage>English</AbstractLanguage>
      <Keywords>well-balanced lumbar spine, multibody simulation, different load cases, intervertebral disc, facet joints.</Keywords>
      <URLs>
        <Abstract>https://ijircst.org/abstract.php?article_id=234</Abstract>
      </URLs>      
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