Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), accurate and energy-efficient localization of sensor nodes remains a challenging task despite significant advancements. Current geolocation algorithms often struggle with scalability, adaptability, and energy efficiency, particularly in large-scale, dynamic environments where node failures or random shifts occur. This paper proposes a novel Secure Node Localization (SABWP-NL) approach, combining Self-Adaptive Binary Waterwheel Plant Optimization (SABWP) and Bayesian optimization to enhance localization accuracy, scalability, energy efficiency, and robustness. The method evaluates node trust using Dempster-Shafer Evidence Theory to secure localization against rogue nodes and optimizes the localization process through trilateral and multilateration systems. The SABWP-NL approach demonstrates superior performance in terms of localized nodes and localization error compared to existing techniques like BWP, ROA, and AO. Results show that SABWP-NL achieves the highest number of localized nodes and the lowest localization error, making it a promising solution for efficient and secure node localization in WSNs.
