The growing demand for high-speed, better low-latency bandwidth and energy-efficient data processing in intelligent embedded systems has demonstrated the basics weaknesses of conventional electrical systems. Mainly in real-time signal processing, a form of artificial intelligence, and the Internet of Things (IoT), factors including connection latency, bandwidth constraints, and high-power consumption restrict the performance of modern systems. Hybrid photonic–electronic data processing systems have developed as an appropriate solution to these issues by integrating optical communication channels with traditional electronic data processing units. This study presents an extensive review of hybrid photonic–electronic architectures designed for very fast signal transmission in intelligent embedded systems. The proposed approach uses photonic interconnects, such as optical waveguides, modulators, and photodetectors, to enable high-bandwidth and low-latency data transport while keeping electronic processors for efficient logic operations and control. The architecture's A facilitates efficient communication between system components. The design facilitates seamless electro-optic signal conversion and allows for efficient communication between system components. The main advantages of the proposed method are much greater data transfer speeds, reduced energy consumption per bit, and improved scalability for multi-core and distributed embedded platforms Additionally, by lowering electromagnetic interference and enabling parallel data transfer, the overall improvement of the integration of photonic technology Performance and dependability. Despite these benefits, problems including temperature sensitivity, cost of manufacture, and complexity of integration remain significant. The work findings express how presenting hybrid photonic-electronic architectures are for next-generation embedded systems, offering a practical way toward very fast, scalability, and energy-efficiency computing solutions.
